Water Assisted Injection Moulding: a Study on the Influence of Melt and Process Parameters on the Residual Wall Thickness and the Occurrence of Part Defects for Pa6.

KATHOLIEKE HOGESCHOOL LIMBURG Departement Industriele Wetenschappen en Technologie Water Assisted Injection Moulding: A Study on the Influence of Melt and Process Parameters on the Residual Wall Thickness and the Occurrence of Part Defects for PA6. Gielen Bjorn, Heynickx Lien, Van den Brink Dominique, Vandersteegen Jochen Water Assisted Injection Moulding: A Study on the Influence of Melt and Process Parameters on the Residual Wall Thickness and the Occurrence of Part Defects for PA6. Gielen Bjorn, Heynickx Lien, Van den Brink Dominique, Vandersteegen Jochen Received 7 March 2011 Abstract Although water assisted injection moulding is a relatively new and advanced technique to produce hollow parts, several problems which reduce the product quality can occur. Namely, water inclusions in the wall, severe fingering and double wall defects reduce the product part stiffness. This study investigated the effect of the process parameters water volume flow rate, water injection delay time and melt temperature on the part defects to obtain a better understanding of the formation of these part defects. The effect on the residual wall thickness and the weight of the products was also investigated. Three materials were used: two polyamides and one polypropylene as a reference. The experiments were carried out on an injection moulding machine equipped with a water-injection unit to produce hollow handles. The parts were weighed before and after drying, their wall thickness was measured and their percentage of defects was calculated in order to determine the influence of the processing parameters. IR images and pressure profiles ware also used to investigate possible detection methods for part defects. It was found that all the investigated parameters have a significant influence on the residual wall thickness and part defects. Their ‘ideal’ settings depend on the material and the desired properties since small wall thicknesses and few part defects do not always correspond. IR images can give an indication for the presence of defects, but the internal structure of the surface can not be examined using this technique. Key words: water assisted injection moulding, polyamide, processing parameters, residual wall thickness, fingering, double wall 1. 1. Introduction The development of the water assisted injection moulding (WAIM) technique has led to a breakthrough in the manufacturing of hollow or partly hollow plastic parts, which is not possible with the conventional injection moulding process [1] [2]. These hollow parts are characterised by the lighter weight of the products, relatively lower resin costs per part and less shrinkage and warpage compared to conventional moulded products [3]. Several techniques are available for the production of hollow parts. Two of the most important techniques for hollow parts are gas assisted injection moulding (GAIM) and water assisted injection moulding (WAIM). The principle of water assisted injection moulding is basically similar to gas assisted injection moulding, but the use of water has some interesting advantages over gas assisted injection moulding such as a shorter cycle time and an average smaller residual wall thickness of the products. This is due to the fact that the thermal conductivity and the heat capacity of water are respectively 40 and 4 times greater than those of gas [1], providing a better cooling of the part and therefore a faster production. Water assisted injection moulding is better to mould larger parts with a smaller residual wall thickness. Another advantage of water assisted injection moulding is the absence of the foaming phenomenon in the internal surface which can occur by using gas assisted injection moulding , since water does not dissolve or diffuse in the polymer melt during injection moulding. Disadvantages of water assisted injection moulding are part defects such as fingering and double wall arising in the internal surface. Also, the process is more complex so experience with conventional injection moulding is no guarantee for understanding water assisted injection moulding. The control f the process is much more critical, the design of the mould is more complicated and requires more knowledge of the dynamic interaction between the polymer and the filling water [4]. In addition, new water related processing parameters (water pressure, water injection delay time, water temperature, †¦ ) are involved and require proper adjustment [5]. The technology can be used to mould a large variety of polymers, includi ng glass fibre reinforced composites. Liu [6] reported the successful moulding of PP, PE, ABS and glass fibre filled polyamide 6 (PA6) composites with water assisted injection moulding. According to our investigation, few researchers have described the moulding of pure polyamide 6 with the water assisted injection moulding technique. By understanding the water assisted injection moulding process for this polymer, one is able to optimize the production and improve the product quality of PA6 parts. The water assisted injection moulding process can be applied in four variations [1] [6], which differ by the amount of injected polymer and introduction and evacuation of the water. In the short shot moulding process the cavity is first partially filled with polymer and in the next sequence, highly pressurised water is injected into the polymer core. The pressure is maintained during the cooling sequence to minimize the shrinkage and to further cool down the part. After cooling, the water is evacuated and the part is ejected. This technique is useful for thick parts, but the important limitation is the switchover mark on the surface [7]. This limitation can be eliminated by using the full shot moulding process in which the cavity is first completely filled with polymer. Next, the injection of water pushes the melt into a cavity positioned outside the cavity of the product. This overspill cavity arises by pulling back a core to enlarge the mould cavity for the overspill polymer which has to be removed from the product afterwards. Full shot moulding makes it possible to mould parts with a more uniform residual wall thickness through the end of the part in comparison to short shot moulded parts. Michaeli et al. [6] stated that the melt-push-back process is also capable to produce parts with a more uniform residual wall thickness distribution. In this process the water is injected in the reversed direction of the polymer injection and pushes the excess of melt back into the plasticizing unit. Finally, the core-pulling process uses a series of steel cores that are pulled back during water injection to increase the cavity volume and the product volume. This method produces parts with more uniform internal profiles in comparison to the former mentioned techniques. The investigated polymer, polyamide 6, is a semi-crystalline material that is classified as an engineering plastic. Beneficial properties of polyamide 6 over a wide range of temperatures and humidity are its high strength, high stiffness and toughness, good wear and abrasion resistance, low coefficient of friction and good chemical and electrical resistance [8], [9], [10], [11]. Further modification can be obtained by adding additives like fillers and plasticizers. Fillers achieve a better strength and stiffness, plasticizers cause higher toughness [12], [13]. Modification of the molecular weight has also a distinguishable influence on the polymer properties. The main drawback of polyamide 6 is the high moisture absorption affecting the rheological properties and deteriorating the processability. High moisture absorption causes part defects and results in a bad internal surface quality reducing the stiffness of the end product [14], [15], [16]. The absorbed water in the polymer has two important roles. Firstly, the water molecules act as plasticizers reducing the hydrogen bond interactions between the polyamide chains. Secondly, due to the hygroscopic nature of polyamide 6, the absorbed water influences the condensation reaction equilibrium depending on the initial moisture content [17], [18]. If the moisture content is less than prescribed thermodynamically, the reaction proceeds towards further condensation and an increase in molecular weight, increasing the viscosity exponentially. If the moisture content is higher than determined by the equilibrium, a hydrolysis reaction occurs. This causes a decrease in viscosity as well as degradation of the polymer. To properly process polyamide 6, the pellets are preferably dried to small moisture levels. Possible part defects that may occur in water assisted injection moulding are fingering and double wall. Liu and Lin [19], [20] investigated the problem of fingering in water assisted injection moulded composites. The fingering phenomenon comprises the non-uniformly penetration of water bubbles or steam into the polymer wall outside the designed water channels causing the formation of finger-shaped branches and small cavities in the polymer wall, which lead to a bad internal surface quality and a reduced part stiffness of the end product. Fingering depends on the dimension of the part: thick parts usually exhibit less fingering pattern than thin parts. Three factors might affect the formation of fingering. The first one is shrinkage of the polymer during cooling. During post-filling, the polymer undergoes volumetric shrinkage allowing water to penetrate into the parts. The more the polymer shrinks, the more water will penetrate into the part and causes fingering. However, this statement is in contradiction with the statement that thick parts exhibit less fingering, so research is necessary to investigate which conclusion is relevant for PA6. Shrinkage also depends on the crystallinity of the polymer. PA6 is a crystalline polymer and thus expected to show more shrinkage than an amorphous polymer. Also, water injection moulded parts show more fingering than gas injection moulded parts since water has a higher cooling capacity than gas and has a higher cooling rate of the polymer. This leads to a greater non-uniform temperature distribution in the polymer material which worsens the uniformity of water penetration inside the parts, resulting in fingering [20]. This is equal to the statement that more shrinkage leads to more fingering. The second factor is the viscosity of the polymer melt. During water injection, water follows the path with the least resistance. While the water enters into the mould cavity, it cools the polymer melt and increases the viscosity. It then becomes more difficult for the water to penetrate into the core of the parts. The third factor is the flow resistance in the channel and in the polymer. The higher the flow resistance in the channel and the lower the flow resistance in the polymer, the more water fingering will be induced. The researchers [19] concluded that water fingering worsens when a combination of a higher water pressure, a smaller melt short shot size and a shorter water injection delay time is used. Other parameters which need to be paid attention to are the temperatures of the melt, the mould and the water. Increasing these parameters decreases the cooling rate and the viscosity and results in more fingering because it is easier for water to penetrate in the part. Another possible part defect in water assisted injection moulding is double wall [22]. Double wall is the appearance of a second polymer wall inside the hollow product which deforms the wall significantly. During the water hold time water inclusions develop in the wall. The double wall is caused by the pressure drop after the water hold time. The water in the inclusions becomes steam and expands the internal material surface causing a second wall in the polymer. Two important parameters are responsible for the forming of double wall. The first parameter is the water hold time which should be minimized in order to eliminate double wall. Increasing the water hold time compensates the shrinkage in the wall but enlarge the water inclusions in the wall worsening the double wall. The second parameter is the volume flow rate. Increasing the volume flow rate causes more double wall because more water penetrates in the polymer forming water inclusions which expand into double walls after the water hold time. There is not much known about the phenomenon of double wall. A lot of investigators do not even make a difference between fingering and double wall and characterize it as the same part defect. Hollow parts are mainly characterized by their residual wall thickness that should be minimized in order to obtain a good product quality with minimal defects. A decline in wall thickness is mainly obtained by choosing water assisted injection moulding instead of gas assisted injection moulding [4]. However, Michaeli et al. [22] concluded that in some cases gas assisted injection moulding yields parts with a smaller residual wall thickness. Several process settings can be applied for water assisted injection moulding, each having an influence on the residual wall thickness. Huang and Deng [23] concluded that besides the short shot size there are two other main parameters affecting the residual wall thickness in polypropylene samples. The first parameter is the melt temperature. Increasing the melt temperature leads to reduction of the solidified layer thickness and thus to a decrease in wall thickness. The second parameter is the water injection delay time. When increasing the water injection delay time, the residual wall thickness exhibits an increment because the solidified layer of the melt becomes thicker. Liu and Wu [24] researched the effect of the injection pin on the residual wall thickness distribution. In their research they concluded that a pin consisting of a sintered porous surface can mould large parts with a more uniform residual wall thickness distribution. Application of this high flow rate pin could significantly improve the product quality in terms of smaller wall thickness. The non-uniformity of the residual wall thickness distribution usually occurring in curved product sections, was found to be less in water assisted injection moulded parts than in gas assisted injection moulded parts. Fluids try to follow the path with the least resistance; this is the shortest path. However, water has a higher mass inertion than gas and therefore gives a better concentricity of the residual wall thickness over a cross-section. The uniformity of the residual wall thickness could be improved by adopting different mould temperatures [25]. In order to mould PA6 parts with high product quality using WAIM, one has to apply the optimal settings to reduce the part defects (fingering and double wall) and decline the residual wall thickness. The water injection delay time influences fingering and the residual wall thickness. A shorter water injection delay time causes a smaller residual wall thickness but results in more fingering [19] [23]. The water volume flow rate is an important parameter on fingering, double wall and the residual wall thickness. A higher water volume flow rate gives a smaller residual wall thickness but more fingering and double wall [21]. The melt temperature has an influence on fingering and the residual wall thickness. Increasing the melt temperature leads to a smaller residual wall thickness but to more fingering [19] [20] [23]. Further experiments in this research focuses on the influence of the water injection delay time, the water volume flow rate and the melt temperature on the residual wall thickness and the occurrence of part defects for PA6, using a design of experiments. 2. Experimental procedure 2. 1 Materials To investigate the residual wall thickness and part defects like water inclusions, fingering and double wall of water assisted injection moulded products, two polyamides (PA F223-D and PA F130-E1 from DSM) and a polypropylene (PP 400-GA05 from Ineos) were used. The melting and crystallization temperature of the materials were measured with differential scanning calorimetry (TA Instruments 2920 CE). The viscosity was measured with a capillary rheometer (CEAST Smart Rheo 2000 twin bore). The complex viscosity, storage and loss modulus were measured with a parallel plates rheometer (AERES strain controlled rheometer). The measurements show that the zero-shear viscosity of the polypropylene is higher than those of the polyamides. PA F223-D has a higher zero-shear viscosity than PA F130-E1. This indicates that the molecular weight is higher for polypropylene than for PA F223-D and that PA F130-E1 has the lowest molecular weight. The decrease in viscosity at higher shear rates occurs at lower frequencies for polypropylene in comparison with the polyamides. This indicates a higher molecular weight distribution for polypropylene than polyamide. PA F223-D has a higher molecular weight distribution than PA F130-E1. . 2 Moulded parts The part that is moulded for this experiment is displayed in figure 1. It contains four curved sections varying in radius of curvature. The polymer and water enter the cavity at the bottom side. Water enters when a movable injector is pushed forward and a core at the end of the part is pulled allowing the polymer to be removed out of the inner core of the part. Figure 1: moul ded part containing four curved sections 2. 3 Equipment The injection moulding was executed with an Engel 80-ton injection moulding machine ES 330H/80V/80HL-2F. The dimensions of the machine are 4,80 m x 2,22m x 2m. The single screw diameter is 50 mm and the plastification unit can operate with a maximum injection rate of 152 cm? /s. A volume flow rate controlled water injection unit brings the water into the mould. It can operate with a maximum water volume flow rate of 30 l/min, delivered by a maximum pressure of 200 bar. During the tests a maximum pressure of 160 bar was applied. Three pressure sensors type Priamus are localized in the mould. An IR-camera type FLIR is used to observe the temperature distribution over the produced handles after moulding. The IR-images were used to compare with the internal section to discover the cause of part defects, because water in the product gives lower temperatures on the IR-image. The dried hollow polymer handles are sawed in lengthwise direction with a band saw. The band saw is type Metabo bas 260 swift. After sawing the hollow polymer handles, the internal section were scanned with a scanner type Cannon FG17500. A metric software 8. 01 plus was applied to analyze the surface quality of the polymer. With the aid of the software, the surface area of the wall and the part defects can be determined. . 4 Method DOE procedure The experiment investigated four processing parameters that were selected after a preliminary literature study, assuming these will have a significant influence on the residual wall thickness and part defects. These parameters are the water volume flow rate, water injection delay time and melt temperature. Using the design of experiments approach, each parameter was measured on a low and high setting; making this a 23 experiment. In addition three centre points were measured bringing the total number of experiments to 11 for each material. Response functions were constructed for residual wall thickness, weight and defects. The significance of each parameter was checked by comparing its effect to the deviation of the centre points, neglecting the parameter if its effect is smaller than the centre point deviation. Experimental procedure After steady state was reached, five shots were produced for each setting of water volume flow rate, water injection delay time, melt temperature. For each last shot of an experiment, a print screen of the pressure evolution and an IR-image was taken. During the process the following parameters were measured: * real injection time; * absolute shot volume; * real cushion; * flow number. After moulding, the parts were dried with compressed air to remove water of the inner- and outer surface of the product. Then the injection side of the product was removed and both halves were weighed. The sawed injection product was controlled on the presence of defects giving a first indication of the quality of the product. Afterwards the handle was dried in a furnace for 44 hours on 90  °C. After drying, the handles were weighed again obtaining the weight of the water inclusions in the product wall. Three representative handles were sawed in lengthwise direction and the breams were removed. The handles were scanned to determine the residual wall thickness and the percentages of defects like water inclusions, fingering and double wall. Table 1: Processing variables and settings used for the experiments | A| B| C| Process parameters| Water volume flow rate (l/min)| Water injection delay time (s)| Melt temperature ( °C)| -1| 10| 1,5| 240| 0| 20| 5| 260| 1| 30| 8,5| 280| A| B| C| Experiment| Water volume flow rate (l/min)| Water injection delay time (s)| Melt temperature ( °C)| 1| 20| 5| 260| 2| 10| 1,5| 240| 3| 30| 8,5| 240| 4| 30| 1,5| 240| 5| 10| 8,5| 240| 6| 20| 5| 260| 7| 30| 8,5| 280| 8| 10| 1,5| 280| 9| 10| 8,5| 280| 10| 30| 1,5| 280| 11| 20| 5| 260| Table 2:Experiment schedule for parameter settings The part defects are calculated as follows: The parameters whic h have an influence on the product quality are the water volume flow rate, the water injection delay time and the melt temperature. The tested parameter settings are presented in table 1. A code using -1 for low, 0 for center point and 1 for high setting is applied. The combination of parameter settings (Table 2) are determined using design of experiments. Using the design of experiments method makes is possible to obtain a better understanding of the formation of the defects and the influence of the processing parameters. Eventually a moulding window will e determined in which the defects are minimized. 2 Results and discussion 3. 1 Effect of water volume flow rate Figure 2 shows the effect of the water volume flow rate on the residual wall thickness and the product defects. Following paragraphs discuss these diagrams. Influence on the residual wall thickness and product weight Considering the residual wall thickness, polypropylene has a smaller residual wall thickness than the residual wall thickness of polyamide for all experiments. Polypropylene has a higher molecular mass, causing a wider water flow front. The higher molecular weight distribution (MWD) of PP causes a block velocity profile of the water resulting in a higher velocity on the polymer- water interface. The higher velocity causes a higher shearing and consequently a lower viscosity, resulting in a higher removal. This results both in a smaller residual wall thickness and a lower part weight. The density of polypropylene is lower compared to compared to the density of polyamide, which is also an explanation for the lower weight of product. Regarding the product weight and the residual wall thickness, the two polyamides do not differ much and correspond to each other. This is probably due to the small difference in molecular mass and molecular weight distribution. Figure 2: Effects of water volume flow rate on water inclusions, residual wall thickness, fingering and double wall The residual wall thickness of polyamide seems not to be significantly affected by the water volume flow rate. Polypropylene however, tends to increase in residual wall thickness by application of a lower water volume flow rate. These results correspond to the suggestion that a higher water volume flow rate gives a smaller residual wall thickness, as was found in preliminary literature study. In general a material with a high MWD, like PP, will be more influenced by the flow rate than other materials like polyamides. Influence on water inclusions In general the water inclusions tend to decline when the water flow rate increases. A higher flow rate provides more shearing, giving a lower viscosity. The water can easily remove the internal polymer and does not penetrate into the walls of the polymer. PP completely corresponds to this theory, but the polyamides show an irregularity during high flow rates. this can be explained by the strong variations in injection time and a chance in the water flow profile to a profile called recirculation flow. It pushes the water into the walls causing an increase in water inclusions. The strong variations that occur with PP are probably caused by its high MWD. This property also played an important role regarding the RWT. Influence on fingering Fingering is probably caused by differential shrinkage, making a material with a high degree of crystallization like polypropylene vulnerable to this defect. The defect diminishes at high flow rates where the wall thickness is smaller, making it more difficult for polypropylene to shrink and for fingering to occur. PA F130-E1 exhibits a low variation in fingering in comparison to the other materials. This material is not in its area of shear tinning when working with low flow rates, resulting in a constant viscosity and residual wall thickness. Because of this low variation in RWT and corresponding shrinkage with changing flow rate the effect of the flow rate will be very small. In general materials with a high MWD and MM like PP show more fingering than materials with low MWD and MM like PA F130E1. PA F223D will take a intermediate position taking into account that its centre point is not completely representative. This trend for fingering is visible for all parameters. Influence on double wall The influence of the flow rate shows an overall optimum profile. Low and high flow rates cause more double wall than an intermediate setting. A first theory relates this effect to the pressure inside the part. Low flow rates exert low pressure on the polymer melt and the polymer will not form a rigid layer, making it possible for the water to penetrate into the polymer walls. High flow rates cause high pressures inside the part forcing the water into the walls. The second theory is based on the tendency of water to follow the ath of least resistance and can only explain the effect with low flow rates. The low rate will cause almost no shear stress inside the polymer so it will not reach the shear tinning area. The polymer will not easily be pushed back by the water and the water will penetrate the walls where the resistance is much lower. The effect of the water volume flow rate on double wall is the same as for water inclusions, which is explained by the rel ation between water inclusions and double wall. Water inclusions can grow during the water hold time, collapsing into double walls in the product after pressure removal. The higher double wall defects for PAF130-E1 in comparison to PA F223-D are probably caused by the difference in molecular mass. PA F130-E1 has a lower molecular mass and thus a less viscous melt resulting in a more easily penetrable material. Another noticeable result is that of the investigated materials, PA F223-D shows high part defects but relatively the smallest double wall defects. PP, the material with the highest MM shows more double wall at high flow rates for which no explanation can be found. 3. 2 Effect of the water injection delay time Figure 3 shows the effect of the water injection delay time on the residual wall thickness and the product defects. Following paragraphs discuss these diagrams. Influence on the residual wall thickness and product weight A shorter water injection delay time causes a decline in the residual wall thickness and weight of product for polyamide and polypropylene, as was predicted by literature. When the water injection delay time is short, the polymer is still hot and has a low viscosity, giving the water the opportunity to hollow out the polymer more. A higher water injection delay time causes a higher residual wall thickness and weight of product because the melt viscosity increases. The residual wall thickness is higher for polyamide than for polypropylene, for the same reasons as discussed under the previous paragraph. Influence on water inclusions An increase in delay time is accompanied by an increase in viscosity that makes it more difficult for the water to penetrate into the walls. However, if the viscosity is too high, the water can also be forced into the walls, which explains the slight increase in water inclusions for PP 400-GA05 and PA F130-E1. Figure 3: Effects of the water injection delay time on water inclusions, residual wall thickness, fingering and double wall The strong decrease in water inclusions that occurs with polypropylene is caused by the high heat capacity of this material making it cool down faster than the polyamides and increasing its viscosity faster. PA F130-E1 shows less defects in comparison with PA F223-D, probably caused by its strong temperature related viscosity. During the delay time the viscosity strongly increases, making it more difficult for the water to penetrate. Influence on fingering Increasing the delay time increases the residual wall thickness and should result in a higher chance of fingering. In general this trend can be observed from the diagrams. More fingering occurs within PP 400 GA05 caused by its higher degree of crystallization. Furthermore, this polymer is processed at much higher temperatures than its melting point, leading to further shrinkage and corresponding fingering. The presence of defects during processing with long delay times is caused by a greater residual wall thickness, which leads to more differential shrinkage. Processing with short delay times increases the presence even further, but no plausible statement can explain this. Therefore further research will be necessary. The results for the centre point of PA F223-D are probably not representative, since it is based on a single experiment of three shots. Influence on double wall The water injection delay time shows an overall optimum profile, which can be related to the shift of the rigidity in time, caused by the temperature drop over time. Production with a short delay time will push water inside the low viscosity polymer which makes it easy for the water to penetrate. Increasing the delay time also increases the viscosity and thus the rigidity of the polymer making it harder to penetrate the walls. However, if the viscosity is too high, the water will also be forced into the walls. PA F130-E1 shows more double wall because its viscosity is highly temperature related. Longer delay times will lead to larger temperature drops and a corresponding increase in viscosity. 3. 3 Effect of the melt temperature Figure 4 shows the effect of the melt temperature on the residual wall thickness and the product defects. Following paragraphs discuss these diagrams. Influence on the residual wall thickness and weight of product Considering the residual wall thickness, polypropylene has a lower residual wall thickness and weight of product compared with polyamide for all experiments. This might be due to the higher molecular weight and the higher molecular weight distribution of polypropylene. The higher molecular weight distribution shows a square blocked velocity profile causing a higher velocity on the wall and a higher shearing. This results in a lower viscosity and therefore more removal of the polymer decreasing the residual wall thickness and weight of product. PA F130-E1 and PA F223-D are quite similar and do not differ much in residual wall thickness and weight of product. Increasing the melt temperature leads to a smaller residual wall thickness as was suggested by literature, because a higher melt temperature makes the polymer less viscous so more polymer can be removed by the water. The residual wall thickness of PP decreases from 240 °C to 260 °C but increases to 280 °C. The increase of the melt temperature is difficult to explain and is possible a unreliable point. In fact, also for polypropylene a decreasing tendency is remarkable. Influence on water inclusions There is a trend towards higher water inclusions when a higher melt temperature is applied. This parameter thus shows the opposite effect of the delay time. PA F130-E1 differs from the other materials, probably due to the strong variations in injection time during production. Furthermore this polymer shows a lot of internal heating (viscous heating) when Figure 4: Effects of the melt temperature time on water inclusions, residual wall thickness, fingering and double wall high pressure is exerted, leading to a drop in viscosity. This effect usually appears in combination with low melt temperatures where the polymer has a lot of pressure to bear. So low temperatures will lead to viscous heating and therefore to high intern temperatures. The water can then easily enter the walls of the polymer due to the lower vicosity. Influence on fingering When processing the material at low temperatures, the material will have to shrink less and thus less fingering will occur. This trend is clearly visible for the polyamides, taken into account that the centre point of PA F223-D is not representative. In fact, the effects should show an opposite effect from the delay time, but this is not clearly noticeable. Further research will be necessary to explain these irregularities. Influence on double wall A higher melt temperature causes an overall increase in double wall defects for all three materials. This effect is related to the viscosity of the polymer which varies with temperature. High temperatures will lead to a decrease in viscosity making the polymer more penetrable for water. Another theory is based on the water flow profile inside the polymer. Higher temperatures usually correspond to smaller residual wall thicknesses changing the flow profile into a recirculation flow where water will be pulled into the walls. 3. 4 Comparison results of response functions and graphical tendencies Table 3 gives an overview of the best parameter settings to reduce each part defect and the total defects for each material, comparing the results of a response function (before /) and the graphics in figure 1/2/3 (after /). The response functions were constructed using the design of experiments method. Regarding the defects, only one response function was made which ncludes both fingering and double wall. Ideal settings according to response functions Using the response functions several conclusions can be made for the ideal settings of the parameters. A high water injection delay time creates less water inclusions in both polyamides. In addition, the polyamides show the same optimal settings of all parameters for the residual wall thickness. A low water volume flow rate is beneficial for the reduction of the residual wall thickness, fingering and double wall. Other settings conflict to give minimal part defects in polyamide. In general, PA F223-D has minimal part defects for a low water volume flow rate, a high water injection delay time, and a low melt temperature. PA F130-E1 requires a low water volume flow rate as well, but a low water injection delay time and a high melt temperature. The optimal settings for the minimal percentage water inclusions, fingering and double wall are highly contradictory for polyamide and polypropylene. PP 400-GA05 requires a high water volume flow rate for a smaller residual wall thickness but the other parameters have the same optimal settings for the residual wall thickness as polyamide 6. The water volume flow rate and the water injection delay time do not influence fingering and double wall significantly, so no conclusions can be made for these settings to obtain minimal fingering and double wall. If also the water inclusions and the residual wall thickness are taken into account, PP400-GA05 shows minimal part defects for a high water volume flow rate, a low water injection delay time and a low melt temperature. There can be concluded that for all three materials the best parameter settings for residual wall thickness, fingering and double wall are not the same. Since other effects may probably have an influence on the materials, further investigation will be necessary. Ideal settings according to previous diagrams The following best parameter setting are based on the previous graphics. Regarding the residual wall thickness, the best parameters for PP and PA F130D are an intermediate water flow rate, a low water injection delay time and a high melt temperature. For PA 223D, a low water flow rate is required and the other parameters are the same. For fingering, a high water volume rate, an intermediate water injection delay time and melt temperature give the best results for PP. PA F223D gives the best results for a low water volume flow rate and water injection delay time and an intermediate melt temperature. PA F130E1 in contrary, the best parameters setting are a high water volume flow rate and a low water injection delay time and melt temperature. The parameters setting are different for the three materials and show a lot of irregularities. Considering double wall, the best parameter settings are a low water flow rate, water injection delay time and melt temperature. For both polyamides the best parameter setting are equal, an intermediate water flow rate, delay time and melt temperature. For the water inclusions, the best results were observed for a high water volume rate and an intermediate water delay time and melt temperature. PA F223D shows less water inclusions when an intermediate flow rate, a low delay time and in intermediate melt temperature is used. PA F130E1 in contrary gives the best results for a intermediate flow rate and delay time and a low melt temperature. Ideal settings for PA F223-D| | Optimal setting| Response factor| Target figure| Water volume flow rate| Water injection delay time| Melt temperature| Water inclusions| Low| High/High| High/High| Low/Low| Residual wall thickness| Low| Low/High| Low/Low| High/High| Fingering and double wall| Low| Low/High| High/Low| Low/Low| Total| | Low/High| High/Low| Low/Low| Table 3: Overview of ideal settings for the materials for each part defect Ideal settings for PA F130-E1| | Optimal setting| Response factor| Target figure| Water volume flow rate| Water injection delay time| Melt temperature| Water inclusions| Low| Low/High| High/High| High/Low| Residual wall thickness| Low| Low/High| Low/Low| High/High| Fingering and double wall| Low| Low/High| Low/Low| Low/Low| Total| | Low/High| Low/Low| High/Low| Ideal settings for PP 400-GA05| | Optimal setting| Response factor| Target figure| Water volume flow rate| Water injection delay time| Melt temperature| Water inclusions| Low| High/High| Low/High| High/Low| Residual wall thickness| Low| High/High| Low/Low| Low/High| Fingering and double wall| Low| -/High| -/Low| Low/Low| Total| | High/High| Low/Low| Low/Low| Once again, here can be concluded that the best parameter settings for residual wall thickness, fingering and double wall are not the same. Since other effects may probably have an influence on the materials, further investigation is necessary. . 5 Detection of part defects 3. 5. 1 IR-images IR images were tested if they can be used to obtain an indication of the quality of the product. This could be an important tool during production as it can deliver information about the internal structure without damaging the part. It was found that a uniform heat distribution in the part usually corresponds to few defects in the walls. The polymer equally shrinks and cools, causing no stress in the walls which could lead to defects. Figure 5 shows the section and an infrared image of a hollow part from PP 400-GA05 without defects. The corresponding IR picture shows no significant Figure 6: Scan and IR image of PP 400-GA05 product with defects irregularities in the heat distribution. The areas where the part has a higher or lower Figure 5: Scan and IR image of PP 400-GA05 product without defects temperature than the bulk are caused by respectively larger and smaller residual wall thicknesses. Small defects like fingering can occur where colder areas are completely surrounded by larger hot material making it isolated cold regions. If the cold area is gradually spread throughout the part and is therefore no isolated region, fingering is often not present. The isolated colder regions are most likely filled with water which provides more efficient cooling than the rest of the part, resulting in uneven shrinkage and corresponding fingering cavities. Large defects like double wall are often present where a relative large cold area spreads throughout the complete section and is surrounded by hot material. These defects are also likely to occur in regions with higher temperature than the rest of the part. However, the latter can also correspond with a larger residual wall thickness and is thus not conclusive for the presence of double wall defects. Figure 6 shows a part with double wall defects and the corresponding infrared image where the isolated hot (white) and cold areas (yellow) are indicated. The texture of the internal surface can not be judged with an infrared image. PA F130-E1 tends to show a rougher surface in regions with a much lower temperature, but not all parts share this conclusion. Within the other materials a rough surface does not corresponds with lower temperature areas thus the infrared does not delivers clear information about this property. 3. 5. 2 Pressure and injection rate profiles The pressure profiles and the injection rate during the injection of the melt can be used to declare some of the defects shown in the different polymer samples. The injection rate was set on 45 mm/sec and the maximum feasible pressure of the WAIM equipment was 160 bar. For the polyamides, this maximum pressure was exceeded in some cases during filling of the mould. This caused a temporary reduction of the injection rate and possibly some of the part defects of polyamide. Polypropylene does not show this trend because it has a lower flow number than PA. Figure 7 shows an example of this phenomenon in PA F223-D. In general it can be concluded that when the temperature increases the measured pressure and the flow number decrease. This reduction in pressure can be explained by the fact that the viscosity of the material will be lower at a higher temperature, so the polymer can flow easier and less pressure has to be applied. However it is not guaranteed that an irregularity in the injection profile of the polymer results in problems during water injection. This experiment was to limited to make clear conclusions about this effect. Figure 7: Pressure and injection rate profile for PA F223-D (green=pressure, blue=injection rate) 4. Conclusions 4. 1 General This report has studied the influence of melt and processing parameters on the residual wall thickness and the occurrence of part defects of PA6 parts produced with water assisted injection moulding. The study examined two polyamides (PA F223D, PA F130E1) and polypropylene 400 GA05 that was used as a reference material. According to a design of experiments, the water volume flow rate, the water injection delay time and the melt temperature are the investigated processing parameters. The water volume flow rate settings are 10, 20 and 30 l/min, the injection delay time settings are 1,5s, 5s and 8,5s and the melt temperature settings are 240 °C, 260 °C and 280 °C. It was found that the residual wall thickness showed a large distribution for all three materials, even for shots from a single experiment and therefore an extra analysis was made on the weight of the products. The product weight can give an indication for the wall thickness as a low weight usually corresponds to small thicknesses. Based on this theory it was found that the water volume flow rate has little influence on the weight and wall thickness. A larger delay time increases the viscosity of the polymer and leads to higher weight and a larger wall thickness. The melt temperature has the opposite effect, decreasing the viscosity at higher temperatures and therefore decreasing the wall thickness and weight. PP has a lower weight comparing with the two polyamides. This can be explained that PP has a higher molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. A higher molecular weight gives a parabolic velocity profile and a higher molecular weight distribution shows a square blocked velocity profile causing a higher velocity located on the wall. The higher velocity causes a higher shearing giving a lower viscosity. This results in more removal of the polymer and the residual wall thickness decreases. In fact, a lower residual wall thickness exhibits a lower weight of product. The water inclusions for the three materials tend to decline when the water flow rate increases although PP shows some irregularities. The delay time has an overall optimum profile. Intermediate settings exhibit less inclusions in comparison to other settings. The melt temperature has the opposite effect of the delay time so more water inclusions occur when higher temperatures are applied. Other defects like fingering and double wall are also influenced by the investigated processing parameters. The water flow rate shows an optimum profile for double wall, so an intermediate setting will yield the best results. For fingering the three materials all act in a different way to the flow rate. An optimum profile also occurs for double wall when the delay time is investigated. In general, fingering increases when the delay time increases, but the materials show a lot of irregularities. An increase in melt temperature causes an overall increase of fingering and double wall. Comparing PA6 and PP, PP shows an overall smaller residual wall thickness than PA6, but on average the same percentage of part defects. This means that a reduction in residual wall thickness does not influence the product quality for part defects positively. When comparing the different polyamides 6, the investigated low viscosity polyamide 6 PA F223-D show less water inclusions and fingering but more double wall than the medium viscosity polyamide 6 PA F130-D. The best choice for a polyamide depends on the relative importance of the negative influence of each part defect on the product quality. This is discussed in detail in the next paragraph. To get an indication of the quality of the product IR images can be used. It was found that a uniform heat distribution corresponds to few defects and irregularities point to the presence of defects like fingering or double wall. The internal texture of the surface can not be examined with IR. This study concludes that the investigated parameters have a significant influence on the presence of part defects and on the residual wall thickness. However, there are still irregularities in the results of the fingering phenomenon that can not be explained yet with the current knowledge of the water assisted injection moulding process. Therefore further analysis will be necessary to examine this part defect. Further research can be done by expanding the design of experiments and by producing more shots for each experiment. Producing more than three shots of each experiment should give more corresponding results, because the standard deviation of three shots is usually high. 4. 2 Selection of the material for WAIM Three materials were used in this experiment namely PA F223D, PA F130E1 and PP as reference. The residual wall thickness, weight of product, water inclusions and part defects like fingering and double wall must be compared with each other to choose the best material. This by varying the selected parameters like water volume rate, water injection delay time and melt temperature. PP has in general the lowest weight of product and residual wall thickness for the three investigated parameters: water volume rate, water injection delay time and melt temperature. As a result of a smaller residual wall thickness, PP has the lowest weight of product. Considering the water inclusions a decreasing tendency is obtained when a higher water volume flow rate and water injection delay time is used. There is a trend toward higher water inclusions when higher melt temperature are applied. Regarding to fingering and double wall, an opposite effect is noticeable. Increasing the water volume rate and water injection delay time gives a decreasing fingering tendency but more double wall effects. For a higher melt temperature, an increase of fingering and double wall is observed. PA F130E1 and PA F223D are quiet similar to each other in weight of product and residual wall thickness. For the weight of product PA F130E1 and PA F223D correspond to each other and for the residual wall thickness they do not differ much for all three investigated parameters. Regarding the water inclusions, both polyamides decline when water the flow rate increases. The highest flow rate provides more shearing and therefore a lower viscosity resulting in more water inclusions. Increasing the water injection delay time leads to lower water inclusions because the viscosity increases which makes it more difficult for water to penetrate into the walls. When higher melt temperatures are applied, results in a trend towards higher water inclusions because of the lower viscosity. In general, PA F223D shows more water inclusions comparing with PA F130E1 for the water volume flow rate, water injection delay time and the melt temperature. Considering fingering and double wall, different results were observed for the two polyamides. In general it is remarkable that PA F223D shows more fingering then PA F130E1 while PA F130E1 gives more double wall then PA F223D and this for the three investigated parameters. For the water volume flow rate, the polyamides act in different ways towards fingering. Although, for double wall the flow rate shows an optimum for the polyamides so an intermediate setting gives the best results. When the water injection delay time increases there is also an increasing tendency of fingering observed but the materials show a lot of irregularities. Increasing the melt temperature gives an increase of fingering and double wall as well. In this investigation can be concluded that both polyamides have their advantages and disadvantages. A selection of the best polyamide depends on which effect is undesirable. The residual wall thickness are the same for the two polyamides. PA F223D shows more water inclusions and fingering for all investigated parameters. However, PA F223D shows less double wall and therefore the best results. PA F130E1 in contrary gives more double wall effects but less fingering and water inclusions. In fact, PA F223D is preferred when double wall must be reduced and PA F130E1 is preferred when fingering and water inclusions must be reduced. Further investigation is necessary on another type of polyamide which improves the product quality using WAIM. References [1] Knights, M. (2002). Water Injection Molding Makes Hollow Parts Faster, Lighter. Plastics Technology, pp. 42-47, 62-63. 2] Liu, S. -J. , & Lin, M. -J. , & Wu, Y. -C. (2007). An experimental study of the water-assisted injection molding of glass fiber filled poly- butylene-terephthalate (PBT) composites. Composites Science and Technology, pp. 1415- 1424. [3] Liu, S. -J. , & Hsieh, M. -H. (2007). Residual Wall Thickness Distribution at the Transition and Curve Sections of Wat er-assisted Injection Molded Tubes. International Polymer Processing, pp. 82-89. [4] Liu, S. -J. , & Chen, Y. -S. (2003). Water- Assisted Injection Molding of Thermoplastic Materials: Effects of Processing Parameters. Polymer Engineering and Science, pp. 806- 1817. [5] Liu, S. -J. , & Wu, Y. -C. (2007). Dynamic visualization of cavity-filling process in fluid- assisted injection molding-gas versus water. Polymer Testing, pp. 232-242. [6] Liu, S. -J. (2009). Water Assisted Injection Molding: A Review. 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Polymer, pp. 9923- 940. [13] Uribe-Arocha, P. , Mehler, C. , Puskas, J. E. & Alstadt, V. (2003). Effect of Sample Thickness on the Mechanical Properties of Injection Molded Polyamide-6 and Polyamide- 6 Clay Nanocomposites. Polymer 44, pp. 2441-2446. [14] Steeman, P. & Nijenhuis, A. (2010). The Effect of Random Branching on the Balance between Flow and M echanical Properties of Polyamide-6. Polymer 51, pp. 2700-2707. [15] Incarnato, L. , Scarfato, P. , Scatteia, L. & Acierno, D. (2004). Rheological Behavior of New Melt Compounded Copolyamide Nanocomposites. Polymer 45, pp. 3487-3496. 16] Meng, Y. Z. & Tjong, S. C. (1996). Rheology and morphology of compatibilized polyamide 6 blends containing liquid crystalline copolyesters. Polymer 39 No. 1, pp. 99-107. [17] Acierna, S. , & Van Puyvelde, P. (2005). Rheological Behavior of Polyamide 11 with Varying initial Moisture Content. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, pp. 666-670. [18] Chow, W. , Bakar, A. , & Ishak, Z. (2005). Water Absorption and Hygrothermal Aging Study on Organomontmirillonite Reinforced Polyamide6/polypropylene Nanocomposites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, pp. 780- 790. [19] Liu, S. -J. , & Lin, S. -P. (2005,april). Study of Fingering’ in Water-assisted Injection Molded Composites. Polymer Rheology and Processing lab. [20] Lin, K. -Y. , & Liu, S. -J. (2009) . The Influence of Processing Parameters on Fingering Formation in Fluid Assisted Injection Molded Disks. Polymer Engineering and Science, pp. 2257-2263. [21] Walter Michaeli, E. H. (2010). ‘Perspective Kunststofftechnik berichte 2010’ IKV- Kolloquium Aachen 2010 pp. 19-21 (Analyse der Fehlerentstehungs-mechanismen). [22] Michaeli, W. , & Lettowsky, C. , & Groenlund, O. (2005). Understanding Residual Wall Thickness. Kunststoffeplast Europe 95, pp. 87-91. [23] Huang, H-X. , & Zhou, R-H. 2009). Preliminary investigation on morphology in water-assisted injection molded polymer blends. 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Morality and Crime Essay

Argument 1 : Morality itself causes crime Detail 1 : Low morals Detail 2 : Lack of parental guidance and supervision Detail 3 : The lack of religious education Argument 2 : Morality is the basis of all human actions Detail 1 : Good foundations of morality Detail 2 : Nations with low crime rates Detail 3 : Morality influences human emotions and instincts. Argument 3 : Morality creates awareness to the effects of crime Detail 1 : Awareness prevents crime Detail 2 : Awareness promotes security Detail 3 : Awareness becomes a way of life. Concession : Some crimes are not morally motivated Detail 1 : Crimes that are caused by mental illnesses Detail 2 : Crimes of passion (spur of the moment) Detail 3 : Crimes by impulses or reaction (uncontrollable action) Refutation : Low level of crimes that are not morally motivated Detail 1 : Major crimes are morally motivated Detail 2 : Sickness can be controlled but morality issues cannot be suppressed Detail 3 : Moral values can help people make better choices Conclusion : In conclusion, it can be seen that low morals causes crime to occur. So how can crime be the problem? The root of all crime is the low levels of moral values in a person and the choices they make. Therefore the only way to reduce the level of crime in the society is by revamping the morals of the society. This shows that morality is the true and actual problem to the society. Thus, if all the parties work together to increase the level of morality then crime would no longer appear as a problem and further crimes can be prevented. Crime cannot be eradicated totally but it can be lessened to a certain level.

Explain the history of voting rights. How were blacks discriminated Essay

Explain the history of voting rights. How were blacks discriminated against what where some of the methods used to obstruct them from voting - Essay Example The 14th Amendment saw citizenship being granted to American immigrants making them equal with others. The 15th Amendment gave only adult men, both black and white, the right to vote. However, women were still restricted from voting. The same year, 1869, when the 15th Amendment was made witnessed the emergence of Black Codes which were chiefly laws that were restrictive of the freedom of African Americans (Hayduk 77). The right to vote was one of the crucial freedoms that African Americans were deprived and understanding the history of the same is critical. With women still being restricted from voting, activists on the rights of women that were to be seen in the liberation of the sex were common in the late 1880s. The Seneca Falls Convention that was held in 1848 saw activists contest for the right of women to vote (Hayduk, 47). The 19th Amendment of 1920 was a promise that was meant to see the liberation of women and their eventual right to vote. The breakthrough was witnessed in 1965 with the enactment of the federal Voting Rights Act. Here, Dr. Martin Luther King and other activists aimed at registering voters and eliminate barriers that obstructed the same. Several methods were used by Whites to prevent African Americans from voting. Literacy tests were widely used to sieve African Americans as the same group of people could not access an education. African Americans failed these tests making them ineligible to vote (Hayduk 53). The use of poll taxes was also extremely effective as Black people were slaves and had no money to pay as fees. This saw many African Americans being left out of the poll as they were with no money. Locations of polls were only known to whites as blacks were kept in the dark regarding were to cast their votes. In most cases, these polling stations were manned by armed guards and were classified making it exceedingly difficult for African Americans to access the same. Black codes also emphasized

WK 4 PERCEPTION KEY Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

WK 4 PERCEPTION KEY - Assignment Example Towards the end, the composition returns to F note, building a feeling of completeness in listeners-releases tension. There are no areas in the composition where F is expected to be the next not and it is not. It has been supplied well when expected signifying a sense of stability or temporary stability, indicating that, the supply of F appropriately helps release tension in listeners. The difference in the temporary finality created in the middle section and the finality expressed at the end is effective in the sense that, it shows as the effects of temporary stability, the limits of our movement from that stability and the associated security and pleasures of total stability experienced at the end. This composition evokes a feeling of insecurity and tensions associated with being away from home. Just as this composition, swing low sweet chariot, any piece that produces what is expected of it, is not only interesting but also satisfying. Rock dance is a dance technique that is highly demanding because of its acrobatics, high speeds, and is also a straining dance performance considered to be a preserve of young dancers. Rock dancing demands loud music because it is argued that, loud music is in sync with intense energy. In order to achieve the requirements of rock dancing techniques, loud music is essential, because, it is an obvious synchronization of body and mind. Performing of powerful and spontaneous muscular motions explains the popularity of rock dance, especially in the sixties and the seventies. This is attributed to the fact that it is very competitive, athletic and is a dance that, although demanding, can be performed by both groups and couples. Older generations dislike both rock dance and rock music because of their acrobatic, high-energy, speeds and loud music respectively. For this reason, rock dancing is a mode that can be both danced and watched. Rock

Shakespeare, Richard II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Shakespeare, Richard II - Essay Example He also was able to take over his troops and part of his staff. Richard II said that if Bolingbrook served God that Richard II would serve Bolingbrook but if Bolingbrook did anything wrong to the people that Richard II couldnt make peace with the taking of the crown. "Cry woe, destruction, ruin, and decay: The worst is death, and death will have his day" (Richard, III, ii)Â  Loosing his subjects was doing wrong by them. Richard II was giving an ultimatum to Bolingbrook that he could never take over. In the following soliloquy, he speaks of all his had lost. He used the metaphor of what he had lost is as though he and the few people who with him were in their grave. "Lets talk of graves, of worms, and epitaphs" (Richard, III, ii)Â  All they have left which belongs to them is death. This is an oxymoron. We all face death whether we are rich or poor. Shakespeare is showing the stupidity of the rich and of royalty. As with other kings, each has his own personal story of death. Each king is human. "For Gods sake let us sit upon the ground / And tell sad stories of the death of kings!" (Richard, III, ii)Â  He shows that he is discouraged and intimidated by the events that have happened. He is also showing another side where he is comparing the godlike quality of kings. He is saying that even though they are kings they still have a specific story related to death thus making them human. Thus, it can be assumed that they are human as all classes of society. Shakespeare is making another comment about the different social classes "My father hath a power; inquire of him and learn to make a body of limb" (Duke of Aumerle, III,ii) This is a metaphor used to indicated family lineage and then that the body can be bent. His fathers power can form him into anything. "To insinuate, flatter, bow, and bend my limbs."(Richard,IV,i) The tree has limbs which are bent. A body has limbs which can be bent.

Japan's cultural environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Japan's cultural environment - Essay Example In order to work and interact successfully in Japan, an understanding of its national culture is considered important. While businesses have been guided by Hofstede’s dimensions of national culture, this paper evaluates if changes have taken place since the 1960s and 1970s when data was collected by Hofstede. Hofstede defines culture as â€Å"the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another†. Japan, with a PDI of 54, is a mildly hierarchical society. Power distance is the extent to which the less powerful members of the institutions expect that power is distributed unequally (Geert-Hofstede). However, the Japanese society is not as hierarchical as most Asian societies, according to Hofstede. Foreigners consider Japan as being extremely hierarchical because the decisions making goes through different layers of management but at the same time, this also demonstrates that there is no one single person in authority. In addition, Japan has been a meritocratic society and believes that everyone is born equal and anyone who is keen to attain higher levels of education, is free to do so, and move ahead. This is the degree to which the society maintains interdependence. Japan’s score of 46 suggests a collectivist society where the harmony of the group is more important than the individual opinions. People in such societies have a strong sense of shame in losing face. However, the Japanese society is not as collectivist as the Chinese society. This is because the Japanese do not have extended family system where collectivism is prevalent. The eldest son in Japanese families carries on the father’s name and inherits assets while the others have to leave home and find their own way in life. The Japanese are more loyal to their company or the organization to which they are attached than to the family. Thus, by western standards they are called collectivists but by Asian standards they are individualistic. Masculinity Index (MAS) Japan has a high score of 95 on this dimension which indicates it is one of the most masculine societies in the world. This, according to Hofstede suggests that the society will be driven by competition, achievement and success. However, the Japanese society does not demonstrate the behaviour expected in societies with high masculine scores, possibly because of their mild collectivist nature. There is severe competition but not between individuals; it is severe competition between groups which can be seen even at the primary school level. At the workplace also, employees are motivated when they are fighting against a team of competitors. The Japanese strive for excellence and perfection in

Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 11

Argument - Essay Example ts: one from the USA Today (Australian gun control holds lessons for U.S.) and the other published online in Denver Post (Gun rights and gun control arent necessarily exclusive). The discourse would present a separate examination of each article’s arguments including supporting contentions. A concluding portion would then assess which editorial was deemed most effective. The editorial article entitled â€Å"Australian gun control holds lessons for U.S.† published online in the USA Today on December 18, 2012 proffered issues that apparently compared the measures taken by Australia in terms of gun control. As an editorial article, the author comes from the Editorial Board, but was not specifically identified. The article’s main thesis was despite sharing similarities between the United States and Australia in terms of having previously experienced violent deaths due to indiscriminate firing of guns, Australia’s gun control policy which was enforced after a 1996 shooting eventually solved the dilemma. According to the discourse, Australian law on gun control necessitated categorizing firearms into five distinct classifications, where â€Å"some of the deadliest assault-style weapons and large ammunition clips are now all but impossible for individuals to lawfully own. (Further), firearms are subject to a strict permitting process, and dealers are required to record sales, which are tracked by the national and territorial governments†¦ (In addition,) the law encouraged people to sell their firearms back to the government, which purchased and destroyed about 700,000 of them† (Australian gun control holds lessons for U.S. pars. 4 & 5). Due to the passing of this law, the report disclosed that evident result was no violent gun-related incidents ever occurred. The author used logical arguments through the support of evidential historical records and citing credible findings that apparently revealed the effectiveness of gun control through the law enforced by

Nickeled and Dimed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nickeled and Dimed - Essay Example Ehrenreich, during her ‘investigation’, held onto her car and her ATM cards, to be used in emergencies, and when the going got tough she promptly moved away from that job. However, her experiment succeeded to get an idea of the American low wage work force and find out the daily hardships and the various bureaucratic pitfalls that affect the lives of these poor people. Barbara Ehrenreich in her book also gives these working people a human face, which touches the heart of almost all readers. As one reads the book the question that comes uppermost in one’s mind is that, is it really possible to survive by earning something as low as 6-7$ per hour? In reality, as Ehrenreich starts her â€Å"low-wage life† (Ehrenreich, 39), she finds that there are many Americans who do such work every day. Besides getting low wages, as Ehrenreich notes, these people must make various cuts to be able to make the multiple payments, necessary to get by. These include food, rent, children, health insurance, and automobile insurance, amongst various other payments that must be paid from the low salary, which these people receive. As Ehrenreich tries to make these payments from her low wages, she falls short each time, even as she keeps on changing her job and location. She befriends many of her co-workers and learns how they manage to survive through all such hardships. While working as a waitress, she learns of a woman who sleeps in her car, as she cannot afford to hire a house with her meager earnings. Here again Ehrenreich talks of another waitress Lucy, who has an ailing leg and needs treatment. However, she cannot get the medical aid she needs, as she does not have any health insurance owing to her poor salary. While working in ‘Merry Maids’ as a house help Ehrenreich comments â€Å"although no one, apparently, is sleeping out of their car, there are signs†¦of real difficulty†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ehrenreich, 79). Here she meets

Business Systems Analysis and Design Coursework - 2

Business Systems Analysis and Design - Coursework Example These people are supposed to carry out an analysis of the different data on workers. After the analysis they will give an appraisal report. 4. Employees receive their appraisal report. This report will show whether an employee has been attending to duties in the correct manner stipulated by the company. CATWOE checklist from HR manager The appraisal system owned by the human resource office is to provide the senior managers with attendance information. The hr department clerks collect data on an employee’s clock in and out time. The data on the staff attendance is transformed to give an appraisal report for each and every employee. The appraisal is carried out by the human resource manager using the system to provide data on promotion. The system will produce quick reports which will be up to date. The system reduces the time the human resource department takes to do an appraisal. Employees The appraisal system owned by the Human resource department of Buckie cooperative socie ty is to monitor our working progress. Different workers will be required to feed their personal data into the system. The system will transform the data and give a final report on production of workers. The system will make the working environment to be unfriendly due to the monitoring process. The human resource department will use the system to retain or fire employees according to the monitoring report. MD of the Buckie Cooperative Society The staff appraisal system as owned by the Buckie cooperative society. The human resource department is to collect data on workers from the different departments and feed into the system. The system will analyze the data and give data on the best performing department. The system will ensure good performance in the different departments of the company. The world view is that the system will improve on the decision making of managers. Line managers The appraisal system as owned by Buckie cooperative society. The line managers will be necessitat ed to provide data on the working progress of their employees. The system will analyze the data and give a report on the productive line and the unproductive line. The system will be used to identify the line of productions that will be shut and which to be maintained by senior managers. The world view of the system is that it will ensure profitability of the company by eliminating unproductive lines. Conceptual models of the system Line Managers Employees HR manager MD of the Buckie Cooperative Society Problems that will be encountered Resistance of system by the workforce The company employees will see this system as a way to curtail their freedom. This will make them resist the adoption of the system by either refusing to use it. These employees refusal to use the system will make it useless to the society. This problem will be addressed by educating the staff on the need of this system. They will be needed to be shown the positive part of the implementation of the system. Some o f the positive things will be, there will no favoritism in promoting workers because the system will always give correct data. Support of the top management is also important. This will come in place because they are the one who will see into it the system is used. The top leadership is mostly made up of decision makers who will be required to appreciate the help of the system in things like making promotion decision. Lack of necessary Infrastructure for Implementation The system might be developed but cannot be deployed on a

Morality vs. Obedience Essay Example for Free

Morality vs. Obedience Essay Beliefs and knowledge are both dynamic concepts on all organizational levels of the human experience, from the individual to the global. Lets take for example the statement, â€Å"The Earth is flat. † Five hundred years ago, this statement was knowledge. Today, it’s knowledge that this statement is false. Knowledge changes based on the information and evidence available to us at any point in time. This is also true of beliefs but in a different way. When most of us were young, we believed in the Tooth Fairy. Why? Because someone told us she was real. However, this belief changed as we began to mature and rely more upon our own abilities to discern truth from fiction. Thus, we have established that both knowledge and belief are subjective but for different reasons. Belief requires no evidence, while knowledge requires evidence and/or experience. I would now like to make a comparative argument regarding morality and obedience. Simply put, morality is ‘doing what’s right, regardless of what anyone says’ and obedience is ‘doing what your told, regardless of what’s right. One can think of many examples regarding these concepts as they are defined but I will leave this to the reader’s imagination. There is a simple truth to defining obedience and morality in this manner that I find directly comparable to the examined quotation. Neither belief nor obedience require an individual or group to actively engage in an activity or thought process independently. There is no critical thinking involved and one must put their faith in the ‘rightness’ or ‘truth’ of another’s belief, knowledge or otherwise. Both knowledge and morality require active engagement. One cannot possess knowledge without having evidence to back it up and one cannot act morally without understanding what it is that makes a situation right or wrong in their eyes. This is especially true when acting morally requires someone to go against social norms or established laws. The point of this paper is to shed light on the fact that we are all responsible for ourselves to the extent that we can be. No one person can know everything about everything, so belief and obedience are often useful and easy fallbacks. For example, I don’t snowboard on black diamond slopes. This is not because I have knowledge of how hurt I will get but because I belief the sign posting and obediently board within my level to avoid possible injury. However, in every decision one makes there should be a component of knowledge and morality applied. In application to the snowboarding example, I know, from experience, that my snowboarding skills are not on par with a black diamond. I choose not to risk my health and the resources of first responders by making the moral decision to stay off of it, despite my desire to challenge myself.

Overview Of Hotel Reservation Software Information Technology Essay

Overview Of Hotel Reservation Software Information Technology Essay If guest want to make reservation, they need to call Hotel Front Office to reserve desired room. In this case, Receptionists have to record all Room information and Customer information which concerns with particular reservation with manually paper based system. Besides, Front Desk processes (Check In, Check Out, etc) have been recorded with paper based system as well. In other words, it can be said that all processes of Front Desk in Hotel are undertaken to run with paper bases system. Thus, Data inconsistent problems are faced due to processing with paper system. Furthermore, data are not easily review as it needs to store huge range of data and problems can occurred when searching associated records. For instance, Front Office Staff will get trouble when they want to search record of customer who stays in hotel over 5 times for discount promotion factors. Thus, people change to use computerized system which is more effective than paper based system. Because of using computerized system, long term record can be review easily and quickly, data security can be limited with authorization procedures and besides, profit and loss record of Hotel can be checked and reviewed by Management level. From these time, Hotel Reservation General Suite are more effective as time over. Why is Hotel Reservation System used in web? The main purpose of hotel reservation system in the web is to become real time processing system. A online hotel reservation software is used by businesses to mechanize their day-to-day operations such as reservations, room bookings, check-ins or check outs. Basically, it serves the purpose of easing out the woes of the hotel management as well as that of the customers, who are extremely important in the hospitality business. A online hotel reservation software is developed for compatibility with the internet. Such online hotel reservation software is used for the purpose of different types of accommodations like Hotels, University accommodation letting, Hotels and Guesthouses, Cabins, Cottages, Villas, Hostels or any other room booking through internet, thus adding to the convenience of the customers. Advantages The online hotel reservation software system helps to boost revenue as it saves processing time and also helps to provide better management in cases of booking system and room reservation. The software application system can be used to manage the daily transactions of a hotel, which includes restaurant billing, reservation billing, check-ins, check outs and a complete accounting section. This type of software is a contemporary solution which has whole variety of detailed modules to cover each function in managing a hotel. With the online hotel reservation software, the bookings and transactions can be done virtually any time of the day and from anywhere in the world. With hotel software installed, the staffing can be reduced significantly by the management and also, because fully functional software is being used, the chances of errors too become nil. 2. Analysis 2.1. Requirements Gathering and Observation Overview This system is currently based on the functionality of Inya Lake Hotel at 37, Kaba Aye, Pagoda Road, Yangon (Rangoon), Myanmar. This was built in the 1960. This hotel is situated on the borders of the Inya Lake, just 15 minute drive from the city center and is conveniently close to the airport. As it is one of the great and splendid hotel in yangon, it offers great facilities such as function halls containing events Banquet and conference facilities, wedding with different Package, Dinning, Fitness center, Swimming Pool, Tennis etc. Furthermore, this hotel provides 175 guest rooms raging from Superior to Presidential with fully equipment. Background of the project The name of the hotel is Inya Lake which has 5 types of rooms such as single, double, family, superior. The guests who check-in to the hotel must firstly complete a registration form. Sometimes guests do not directly check-in to the hotel, they reserve type of room they want. And then they check-in to the hotel with their reserved room so that reserved rooms are not available for directly check-in guest until withdrawing reservation Block reservation may be made by travel agents for tour groups. When they arrive, check-in and register procedures are carried out as usual and allocated to their reserved rooms. Check out and payment procedures are also the same as normal guests. Reservation may come from guests or travel agent via telephone. Inya Lake hotel also has restaurant which serve food and meal for guest. Laundry, telephone, and mini bar service are available to the customer. When guest takes these services, associated staff procedure and restaurant bill and send bill to the Front Office department. When guest request check out, receptionist calculate bill and procedure check out bill. Payment is made by guests when they check-out, Bill which contains room charges and other charges is produced to guest. Introduction to System The main responsible person in the Hotel Reservation Processes is Receptionist (Front-Office staff) who needs a system that will enable them to check whether a reservation request is possible record the booking retrieve the booking at the appropriate time. It does not matter how the request for a reservation is made; the system of processing will remain the same. The current system process for reservation is as follows and all of these processes are operating manually; Guest Reservation by telephone, fax, personal Check-in process Check-out process Payment process Guest Reservation First of all, guest reservation process is first phase of the Guest Cycle, in other words Pre-arrival phase which involves activities, for instance, reservation by preferred method (telephone, fax, personal), identification of source of business, prepayment, and other pre-arrival activities. The minimum information require in this process are When? How long? Who? and What type of room? Receptionist have to check at Room List to make sure there is available room to reserve. Consequently, the receptionist will respond with Price, Conditions and other further answers that guest require. After confirming with Room List and Guest, receptionist has to add reservation information in the Reservation Records. Guest Registration Guest Registration process contain in Arrival phase of the Guest Cycle. This process contains identification of guest status, room assignment, rate assignment, establishment of credit. Registration process has two types; registration with prior reservation or registration without reservation. If they have a reservation they will be allocated to a reserved room of the requested type. However, if they have no reservation, they are allocated to an available room which matches their requirements. There is no online payment accept by hotel currently, and customer need to pay advance paid when check in to the hotel. Check-in process After Registration process, check-in procedures carry out, eg. after filling registration form, creation of guest account, issuing of room key and rooming of guest are included in check-in procedures. As for check-in procedures, receptionist has to fill Guest information (Guest account) to the file and record all guest information required. Prepayment task will involve in the check-in procedure by guest preferred method. After issuing room key, check-in procedure is completed. Check-out process In a check-out time, a full list of room charges and unpaid services as well as any prepayments are produced as a bill. The guest pays any outstanding amounts and is issued with a receipt to continue to go payment process. Receptionist has to communicate with other departments such as Food Beverages, Services, Telephone operating, etc to make sure all bill to collect till guest request to check-out (returning room key). Payment process Guest can give their suitable cost by different method in payment process when they are check out from the hotel; Cash, Credit Card, Cheque, Foreign currency. Reporting Process The middle management level can see the operation transaction reports that are reserve, check in, check out and guest. The top management level can see the strategic reports such as which room is mostly check in search by period, which room is mostly reserve search by period, and monthly and yearly report. Fact Finding There are many fact-finding methods. There are observation, record searching, special purpose record searching records, sampling, questionnaires, interview and workshops. Among these, I had used some methods to get required facts and information. Among these, I used some methods to gather the required information. Both Observation and Interviewing are used to get require information. Firstly, I interview with the employees of the InyaLake Hotel to know domain of the organization and what they need. And then I interview with the management level of the InyaLake Hotel to get different requirement with different point of view. After that I collected the require form check out voucher and other external services voucher and so on. Secondly, I used formal or informal observation, and both are equally useful. Formal observation is a planned, conscious approach, which involves watching an operation or procedure for a specific period. But informal observation should be used at all times when investigating user operation. I observed the procedures of currently used system and collected all necessary facts by analyzing documents and interviewing the customers and owner of the system. In addition, I also surf the web from various brands of the not only online hotel reservation software and online front desk software. Prioritization Requirements Requirement should be prioritized. One way to do this by use of the MoScoW rules, MoScoW stands for Must Have requirement are the highest priority functional requirements. Without then the system will be unworkable and useless. These requirements constitute the minimal usable subset of all requirements. For my system, reservation, check in, check out are highest priority. Should Have requirement are the next priority group. In a less time constrained project they would belong to the first group, but the system will be useful and usable without them. For my system, room gallery and external services sub system is that a kind of priority. Could Have requirement are those that can be more easily left out of the increment which is being developed. It means they are going to included later. For my system, expand and inventory control are that kind of requirement. Want to have but will not have this time round requirements are those which can wait until later development takes place. For my system, Payroll for staff is a kind of requirement. Introduction of UML UML or Unified Modelling Language is a multipurpose modelling language that aims to provide a standard for modelling a system. UML consists of various diagrams used to model a system from initial idea to an implement able project. Each model carries the specifications and requirement of that same system from different point of view. For example, the users of a particular system only want to know what the system can do while the designer will design what and how many functions or tasks in that system. But a programmer or engineer needs to know how to perform a particular function or how each task affect each other. All this can be realize using UML diagrams. UML provides standard methods and notation to create these models as well as guideline to transform one model to another model while preserving the consistency between models. UML is a collaboration of several traditional modelling concepts and notation. It is first created by Grady Booch, James Rumbaugh and Ivar Jacobson during 1994. UML is a non proprietary modelling language but its ownership and evolution responsibility is governed by Object Management Group (OMG). The application of UML is very wide. It is not only used in object oriented systems analysis and design. It is also used widely in all phases of complex software development life cycles, development of many systems engineering, as well as in modelling of many business processes. UML is not dependent on any programming languages and strongly highlight the concept of reuse, layering, partitioning and modularity. In general, UML is design to be flexible, extendable and open to many specific applications or industries. UML provides guideline on how to extend a system using stereotypes method. Introduction to UML Diagram According to the new OMGs information, there are a total of thirteen types of diagrams define in the latest UML 2.0, which is divided into three categories namely static structure, behaviour and interaction. Static structure models include the Class diagram, Object diagram, Component diagram, Composite Structure diagram, Package diagram, and Deployment diagram. Behaviour models include the Use Case diagram, Activity diagram, and State diagram. And lastly interaction models include the Sequence diagram, Communication diagram, Timing diagram, and Interaction Overview diagram. Each of the diagrams serves its own purpose and is strongly related to each other. InyaLake Hotel Use Case Use Case Description Register Customer this use case described to customer register for the system. In other word, it mostly intended for member customer. This use case exist top of the diagram because the other transaction need to work after the registration process. Reserve Room Type this use case identify the booking of the room type. It includes two types of booking that are online and offline. The online booking only performs for registration member and the offline booking carry out for guest. Check In this use case explain for customer check in room when a customer from booking or direct check in. Take Service this use case mean when the customers check in room in hotel, they can request the service form a hotel. After finishing of the request service, the staff will perform their request service. Check Out -this use case describes the customer request check out the room from a hotel. In this process, the system will perform calculation both room charges and service charges. Finally, the system produces a bill for customer. Use Case: Reserve Room Type Primary Scenario 1. The use case starts when a customer enters the reservation link. 2. The system will show login screen. 3. A customer enters the email and password in a login form. 4. The system will display reservation page. 5. The system will generate the auto reservation id for a particular customer. 6. A customer enters a total guest in the reservation form. 7. A customer selects arrival date and departure date in the reservation from. 8. A customer chooses a room types and fill a number of room to stay in the hotel and click the add button. 9. The system will show the reserve room type list in the screen. 10. A customer presses the Reserve button to reservation. 11. The system will verify the information, save reservation information, use case ends. Secondary Scenario 1. The use case starts when a customer enters the reservation link. 2. The system will show login screen. 3. If a customer has not a member, a customer clicks the sign up button to show register page. 4. The system will show register screen and auto generate the Member ID. 5. The customer enter Name, Password, Nationality, NRC/Passport, Phone, Gender, DOB, Email, Address and click the register button. 6. The system will transfer login screen again. 7. A customer enters the email and password in a login form. 8. The system will display reservation page. 9. The system will generate the auto reservation id for a particular customer. 10. A customer enters a total guest in the reservation form. 11. A customer selects arrival date and departure date in the reservation from. 12. A customer chooses a room types and fill a number of room to stay in the hotel and click the add button. 13. The system will show the reserve room type list in the screen. 14. A customer presses the reserve button to reservation. 15. The system will verify the information, save reservation information, use case ends. Use Case: Check In Primary Scenario 1. The use case starts when a staff enters the check in link. 2. A staff selects a member or guest who makes reservation. 3. The system will display member Information, reserved room information. 4. A staff selects room type. 5. The system will show available room information. 6. A staff chooses a room from available room list to check in. 7. A staff clicks the check in button to check in. 8. The system will verify the information, save check in information, use case ends. Secondary Scenario 1. The use case starts when a staff enters the check in link. 2. A staff selects a member or guest who makes reservation. 3. à ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¡Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¡Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹If a member or guest is not to make reservation. 4. A staff selects check in date and check out date. 5. If a customer is guest enter guest information else enter the member id to verify valid member. 6. A staff enter total guest. 7. A staff selects room type. 5. The system will show available room information. 6. A staff chooses a room from available room list to check in. 7. A staff clicks the check in button to check in. 8. The system will verify the information, save check in information, use case ends. Use Case: Take Service Primary Scenario 1. The use case starts when a staff enters the service taken link. 2. A staff enters to room no to take service. 3. The system will shows check in information and produce service taken form. 4. A staff enters a service voucher number. 5. A staff selects a service type. 6. A system will show relevant service item and price. 7. A staff enters amount of service item. 8. The system will calculate and display total amount. 9. A staff press add button to take service. 10. The system will display service taken list and services total. 11. A staff clicks the save button. 12. The system will verify the information, save check in information, use case ends. Secondary Scenario 1. The use case starts when a staff enters the service taken link. 2. A staff enters to room no to take service. 3. The system will shows check in information and produce service taken form. 4. A staff enters a service voucher number. 5. A staff selects a service type. 6. A system will show relevant service item and price. 7. A staff enters amount of service item. 8. The system will calculate and display total amount. 9. A staff press add button to take service. 10. The system will display service taken list and services total. 11. A staff clicks the save button. 12. The system will verify the information, save check in information, use case ends. Alternative Paths 2. If there is not found check in room, the system will show error message and use case ends. Use Case: Check Out Primary Scenario 1. The use case starts when a staff enters check out link. 2. A staff select member id or guest name choose to check out. 3. The system will show check in information, check in room and total room charges information, service taken and service taken charges information. 4. A staff clicks the check out button. 5. The system will verify the information, save check in information, use case ends. Alternative Paths 2. If there is not found member id, guest name, the system will show error message and use case ends. Secondary Scenario 1. The use case starts when a staff enters check out link. 2. A staff select room number choose to check out. 3. The system will show check in information, check in room and total room charges information, service taken and service taken charges information. 4. A staff clicks the check out button. 5. The system will verify the information, save check in information, use case ends. Alternative Paths 2. If there is not found room number, the system will show error message and use case ends. Class Diagram Why divide member and guest table? In a hotel, every guest cannot be fill registration and they may want to stay only one time to stay that hotel. In this situation, I separate the two types of customers that are guest which do not fill registration and may be one time customer for each hotel and member who comes often/always come to hotel. Why I made generalization for user table?

History and Effectiveness of Victim Rights Legislation and Programs Ess

Victim’s Rights Policy All the components of the criminal justice have the same goal in mind: preventing and fighting crime. Preventing and fighting crime also includes providing services for the victims of the crimes. Although the main focus on the criminal justice system is to arrest, prosecute and rehabilitate the criminal, many forget to focus on the victim. The National Organization for Victims Assistance was found in 1975 and is the oldest national group providing assistance to victims of crime and crisis. The Law enforcement community needs to ensure the safety of the victim before, during, and after a conviction. Many times the victims of crimes are forgotten or left out of the notification process when the criminal has been apprehended, prosecutes, sentenced, or released from the system. By examining the history and effectiveness of victim rights legislation and programs, the goals of victim’s rights will become clearer. History of Victims Rights The concept of victims’ rights is relatively new idea. Linda R S v. Richard D (1972) was the case that opened the door for victims’ rights. The Supreme Court ruled in Linda V. Richard that â€Å"a private citizen lacks a judicially cognizable interest in the prosecution or nonprosecution of another† (Lewis, 2010, para 5). From that case, the idea of victims’ rights would explode and the next 10 years would be one of immense expansion for victims. Before the national government would recognize victims need for legal rights, small organizations would start to make minor changes in their respective areas. In 1972, Summit County in Ohio created the Victim Assistance Program. Seeing that the county offered 35 free services for the offenders and nothing for victims infuriated local... ...tim Law Institute. Retrieved on November 6, 2010 from www.lclark.edu/law/centers/national_crime_victim_law_institute/about_ncli/history_of_victims_rights/ National Organization for Victim Assistance. Crime Victims and Witness Rights. Retrieved November 7, 2010, from www.trynova.org/Victims/cwrights.html. Prison Fellowship International Centre for Justice and Reconciliation (n.d.) Restorative justice online: definitions of restorative justice by victims and their advocates, retrieved on November 5, 2010, from http://www.restorativejustice.org/victim-support/definitions-of-restorative-justice-by-victims-and-their-advocates VALOR. (2005). History of VALOR. Retrieved on November 6, 2010 from www.valor_national.org/hisotory.html. Victims Assistance Program. (2010). About us. Retrieved on November 6, 2010 from www.victimassistanceprogram.org/about_history.html.